perm filename RELATI.XGP[CUR,JMC]1 blob
sn#170697 filedate 1975-07-31 generic text, type T, neo UTF8
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␈↓↓␈↓α␈↓β␈↓∧␈↓¬␈↓ε␈↓π␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓␈↓↓␈↓β␈↓↓␈↓ε␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓
␈↓␈↓␈↓ ∧0␈↓εRelativistic Systems of Automata␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓p␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ α_We␈α∂are␈α∂taking␈α∂an␈α∂idea␈α∂from␈α∂the␈α∂theory␈α∂relativity␈α∂and␈α∂applying␈α∂it␈α∂to␈α∞systems␈α∞of␈α∞interacting␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hautomata.␈α∂The␈α∂idea␈α∂is␈α∂that␈α∂instead␈α∂of␈α∂having␈α∂a␈α∂single␈α∂time␈α∂variable␈α∂of␈α∂which␈α∂the␈α∂state␈α∂at␈α∂every␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hposition␈α∪in␈α∪space␈α∪is␈α∪a␈α∪function,␈α∪each␈α∪body␈α∪has␈α∪its␈α∪own␈α∪␈↓ local␈α∪time␈↓λ␈α∩and␈α∩there␈α∩is␈α∩no␈α∩notion␈α∩of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsimultaneity␈αfor␈αevents␈αseparated␈αin␈αspace.␈αThe␈αfollowing␈αnotion␈αdoes␈αnot␈αdepend␈αon␈αunderstanding␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hanyting␈α
about␈α
relativity␈α
theory,␈α
and␈α
after␈α
we␈α
have␈α
explained␈α
it␈α
we␈α
will␈α
say␈α
what␈α
it␈α
might␈α
be␈α
good␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hfor.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββp␈↓λ␈↓ α_We␈α
start␈α
with␈α
a␈αcollection␈αof␈αentities␈α␈↓ A␈↓λ␈↓i␈↓λ␈αwhich␈αare␈αthe␈αautomata␈αof␈αthe␈αsystem.␈αEach␈α␈↓ A␈↓λ␈↓i␈↓λ␈αhas␈αa␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hset␈α∞␈↓ states␈α∞(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈α∞which␈α∞is␈α∞the␈α∞set␈α∞of␈α∞its␈α∞possible␈α∞states.␈α∞Another␈α∞set␈α∞associated␈α∞with␈α∞␈↓ \␈↓λf5i␈α∞is␈α∞␈↓ times␈α
(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α∞has␈α∞a␈α∞partial␈α∞ordering␈α∞for␈α∞which␈α∞<␈α∞is␈α∞used.␈α∞A␈α∞state␈α∞history␈α∞of␈α∞an␈α∞automation␈α∞A␈↓i␈↓λ␈α∞is␈α
a␈α
map.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧P␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HStatehis:␈αtimes(A␈↓i␈↓λ)→states(A␈↓i␈↓λ).␈α(In␈αthe␈αusual␈α␈↓ non-relativistic␈↓λ␈αautomata␈αtheory,␈αeach␈α␈↓ times␈α(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈αis␈αthe␈αset␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧p␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hof␈α∂integers␈α∂and␈α∂there␈α∂is␈α∞a␈α∞distinguished␈α∞isomorphism␈α∞between␈α∞␈↓ times␈α∞(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈α∞and␈α∞a␈α∞univeral␈α∞set␈α∞␈↓ times␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hisomorphic␈α
to␈α
the␈αintegers.)␈αThere␈αare␈αtwo␈αmain␈αcases␈αof␈αinterest␈αfor␈α␈↓ times␈α(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ,␈αnamely␈αthe␈αintegers␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hand␈αthe␈αreal␈αnumbers.␈αSome␈αsubautomata␈αof␈αa␈α
system␈α
may␈α
have␈α
integer␈α
times␈α
while␈α
others␈α
may␈α
have␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬P␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hreal␈αtimes.␈αEven␈αif␈αboth␈αhave␈α
integer␈α
times␈α
they␈α
may␈α
not␈α
correspond␈α
in␈α
a␈α
simple␈α
way␈α
-␈α
one␈α
clock␈α
may␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬p␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htick␈αevery␈αsecond␈αat␈αWWV␈αin␈αBoulder␈α
Colorado␈α
and␈α
the␈α
other␈α
may␈α
tick␈α
once␈α
a␈α
school␈α
day␈α
in␈α
Rio␈α
de␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HJaneiro.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεP␈↓λ␈↓ α_In␈α∩the␈α∩examples␈α∩we␈α⊃have␈α⊃given,␈α⊃the␈α⊃ordering␈α⊃is␈α⊃total,␈α⊃but␈α⊃you␈α⊃will␈α⊃see␈α⊃that␈α⊃a␈α⊃system␈α⊃of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hautomata␈α∞can␈α∞best␈α∞be␈α∞regarded␈α∞as␈α∞having␈α∞partial␈α
ordered␈α
time␈α
even␈α
though␈α
its␈α
subautomata␈α
have␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htotal␈α↔ordered␈α↔times.␈α↔Therefore,␈α↔if␈α⊗we␈α⊗want␈α⊗to␈α⊗take␈α⊗systems␈α⊗of␈α⊗automata␈α⊗as␈α⊗the␈α⊗constituent␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsubautomata␈α
of␈α
yet␈α
bigger␈α
systems,␈α
the␈α
basic␈α
construction␈α
should␈α
use␈α
partial␈α
ordering.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπp␈↓λ␈↓ α_Besides␈α⊃the␈α⊃sets␈α⊃␈↓ states(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈α⊃and␈α⊃␈↓ times(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ,␈α⊃we␈α⊂also␈α⊂have␈α⊂the␈α⊂sets␈α⊂␈↓ inputs(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈α⊂and␈α⊂␈↓ outputs(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α⊃give␈α⊃the␈α⊃possible␈α⊃values␈α⊃of␈α⊃inputs␈α⊃and␈α⊃outputs.␈α⊃An␈α⊃input␈α⊃history␈α⊃of␈α⊃A␈↓i␈↓λ␈α⊃is␈α⊂a␈α⊂map␈α⊂inhis:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htimes(A␈↓i␈↓λ)→inputs(A␈↓i␈↓λ)␈αand␈αan␈αoutput␈αhistory␈αis␈αa␈αmap␈αouthis:␈αtimes(A␈↓i␈↓λ)␈α→outputs(A␈↓i␈↓λ).␈αIf␈αwe␈αneed␈αit,␈αwe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcan␈α
use␈α
the␈α
concept␈α
of␈α
a␈α
␈↓ history␈↓λ␈α
of␈α
␈↓ A␈↓λ␈↓i␈↓λ␈α
which␈α
is␈α
a␈α
map␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓/␈↓ hist: times(A␈↓i␈↓ )→inputs(A␈↓i␈↓ )⊗states(A␈↓i␈↓ )⊗outputs(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β 0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β P␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HLet␈α␈↓ Inhis(A␈↓i␈↓ ),␈αStatehis(A␈↓i␈↓ ),␈αOuthis(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈αand␈α
␈↓ His(A␈↓i␈↓ )␈↓λ␈α
(written␈α
with␈α
initial␈α
caps)␈α
be␈α
the␈α
sets␈α
of␈α
all␈α
possible␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β p␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hinput␈α
histories,␈α
state␈α
histories,␈α
output␈α
histories,␈α
and␈α
histories.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
0␈↓λ␈↓ α_The␈αlaw␈αof␈αmotion␈αof␈αan␈α
automaton␈α
gives␈α
the␈α
state␈α
at␈α
any␈α
local␈α
time␈α
as␈α
a␈α
function␈α
of␈α
the␈α
input␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
P␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hhistory␈αand␈αthe␈αstate␈αhistory.␈αWe␈αimpose␈αthe␈αfurther␈αcondition␈αthat␈αthe␈αstate␈αat␈αa␈αgiven␈αtime␈αdepend␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
p␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Honly␈α
on␈α
the␈α
past␈α
of␈α
the␈α
state␈α
and␈α
the␈α
input.␈α
If␈α
the␈α
local␈α
time␈α
is␈α
taken␈α
as␈α
an␈α
integer,␈α
then␈α
the␈αmost␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Himportant␈α∪case␈α∪is␈α∩when␈α∩the␈α∩state␈α∩depends␈α∩only␈α∩on␈α∩the␈α∩immediately␈α∩preceding␈α∩state␈α∩and␈α∩input.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HMoreover,␈α∂the␈α∂general␈α∂case␈α∂of␈α∂integer␈α∂time␈α∂can␈α∂be␈α∂reduced␈α∂to␈α∞the␈α∞case␈α∞of␈α∞depending␈α∞only␈α∞on␈α∞the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Himmediately␈α
preceding␈α
time␈α
by␈α
replacing␈α
the␈α
automaton␈α
A␈↓i␈↓λ␈α
by␈α
an␈α
automaton␈α
A␈↓λ'␈↓λ␈αz␈↓
␈↓#q␈↓#␈↓i␈↓
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Ha␈α
differential␈α
equation␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αx␈βI␈↓ ␈↓λd state
␈↓ βL␈βZ␈↓λ = F(state,input,t)
␈∧hαxαS␈↓ β∃␈βl␈↓ ␈↓λdt
␈↓ ↓H␈βp␈↓π